Внепеченочная портальная гипертензия и тромбоз воротной вены (обзор литературы)

Внепеченочный тромбоз воротной вены – вторая по частоте причина портальной гипертензии после цирроза печени. Факторы риска тромбоза разделяют на системные: наследственные и приобретенные тромбофилии (60–70%); и локальные: воспалительные заболевания брюшной полости, травмы, операции и пр. (20–40%). Проявления острого тромбоза, как правило, малосимптомны, и он остается недиагностированным до развития
осложнений портальной гипертензии: варикозных кровотечений, портальной билиопатии и пр. Рекомендовано как можно более раннее начало антикоагулянтной терапии, по меньшей мере в течение 3 мес. У больных с портальной каверномой длительная (вплоть до пожизненной) антикоагулянтная терапия направлена на предупреждение рецидива и распространения тромбоза, особенно при тромбофилии. Портокавальное шунтирование
является наиболее радикальным методом лечения, избавляя больного от варикозных кровотечений и других осложнений. Проявления печеночной энцефалопатии являются редким явлением и носят субклинический характер. Эндоскопическое лигирование и склеротерапия являются эффективным методом первичной и вторичной профилактики варикозных кровотечений и должны быть дополнены назначением неселективных
β-адреноблокаторов. Высокая толерантность к кровотечениям и высокий уровень выживаемости больных объясняются сохранной функцией печени. Летальность среди пациентов (уровень 5-летней летальности – ниже 10%) связана большей частью с сопутствующей патологией, а не с осложнениями портальной гипертензии

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